Symptoms, Complications, and Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Loss of consciousness
- Heart failure, heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, sudden cardiac arrest
- Coronary artery diseases
- Stroke
- Heart failure
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Rheumatic heart disease
Risk Factors and Prevention
- Diabetes
- High blood lipids
- Excess weight
- Smoking
- Excessive drug use and alcohol intake
- Healthy eating
- Exercise
- Avoiding tobacco smoke
- Limited alcohol intake
- Overall lifestyle changes
Treatment and Medication
- Treating high blood pressure, high blood lipids, and diabetes
- Medications such as aspirin, beta blockers, and blood thinners
- Antibiotics for strep throat to prevent rheumatic heart disease
- Unclear benefit of aspirin for otherwise healthy individuals
- Treating risk factors to improve overall cardiovascular health
Subtopic - Sex, Tobacco, Physical inactivity, Diet, Alcohol
- Men are at greater risk of heart disease than pre-menopausal women.
- Risk of heart disease in women after menopause is argued to be similar to men, but recent data disputes this.
- Females with diabetes are more likely to develop heart disease than males with diabetes.
- Women with high blood pressure and pregnancy complications have three times the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Coronary heart diseases are more common among middle-aged men than women.
- Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco.
- Risks to health from tobacco use include cardiovascular disease.
- Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking.
- Quitting smoking by age 30 reduces the risk of death to almost as low as never smokers.
- Insufficient physical activity is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.
- In 2008, 31.3% of adults were insufficiently physically active.
- Participating in 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week reduces the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
- Physical activity assists in weight loss and improves blood glucose control, blood pressure, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity.
- High intake of saturated fat, trans-fats, and salt is linked to cardiovascular risk.
- Low intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish is linked to cardiovascular risk.
- Processed foods high in fats and sugars promote obesity and increase cardiovascular risk.
- Reduction of saturated fat intake for at least two years reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- High trans-fat intake has adverse effects on blood lipids and inflammatory markers.
- High levels of alcohol consumption are directly related to cardiovascular disease.
- Low levels of alcohol consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Associations between moderate alcohol consumption and stroke protection are non-causal.
- At the population level, the health risks of drinking alcohol exceed potential benefits.
Subtopic - Air Pollution, Cardiovascular Risk Assessment, Depression and Traumatic Stress, Occupational Exposure, Somatic Mutations, Radiation Therapy
- Particulate matter under 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) is a major focus in studying the effects of air pollution on cardiovascular disease.
- Long-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the rate of atherosclerosis and inflammation.
- Short-term exposure to PM2.5 (2 hours) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality by 48% for every 25 μg/m of PM2.5.
- PM2.5 is linked to increased blood pressure, irregular heart rhythm, reduced heart rate variability, and heart failure.
- PM2.5 is also associated with carotid artery thickening and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction.
- Existing cardiovascular disease or previous cardiovascular events are strong predictors of future cardiovascular events.
- Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids, and diabetes are important predictors of future cardiovascular disease.
- Composite risk scores combining these predictors are used to estimate an individual's future cardiovascular disease risk.
- Various risk scores exist, but their respective merits are debated.
- Other diagnostic tests and biomarkers, such as family history, coronary artery calcification score, and markers of kidney function, lack clear-cut evidence for routine use.
- Mental health problems like depression and traumatic stress are linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
- Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as smoking and a sedentary lifestyle, do not fully explain the increased risk associated with depression, stress, and anxiety.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder independently increases the risk of incident coronary heart disease, even after adjusting for depression and other factors.
- Certain toxins, extreme temperatures, exposure to tobacco smoke, and mental health concerns like stress and depression are linked to cardiovascular disease in the workplace.
- Mentally stressful work, lack of control over working situation, effort-reward imbalance, low social support, injustice, insufficient opportunities for personal development, long working weeks, and noise exposure are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
- Working night schedules and exposure to ionizing radiation increase the risk of hypertension and stroke.
- Men have a higher risk of heart attacks and stroke in the workplace compared to women.
- Workplace exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust, welding fumes, and various chemicals increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Certain leukemia-associated mutations in blood cells, known as clonal hematopoiesis, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Presence of these mutations is linked to cardiovascular disease-related incidents and mortality.
- Large-scale research projects have found a robust link between these mutations and cardiovascular disease.
- Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with symptoms like cardiomyopathy, myocardial fibrosis, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, heart arrhythmia, and peripheral artery disease.
- Evidence suggests that these mutations may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
- Radiation treatments for cancer, particularly breast cancer therapy, increase the risk of heart disease and death.
- Therapeutic radiation increases the risk of subsequent heart attack or stroke by
Cardiovascular disease Data Sources
| Reference | URL |
|---|---|
| Glossary | https://www.alternix.com/blogs/glossary-of-terms/cardiovascular-disease |
| Wikipedia | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease |
| Wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735 |
| Knowledge Graph | https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/02k6hp |
