Technology

Etymology and History of Technology

• The term 'technology' dates back to the early 17th century and means systematic treatment.
• Derived from the Greek word 'tékhnē' (craft or art) and '-λογία' (study or knowledge).
• In the 19th century, continental Europeans used 'Technik' or 'technique' to refer to a way of doing.
• 'Technologie' referred to the academic discipline studying arts and crafts or the political discipline legislating on their functions.
• In English, both 'Technik' and 'Technologie' were translated as 'technology'.
• The history of technology explores the development of tools, techniques, and systems.
• Prehistoric technology includes the development of stone tools, control of fire, and the invention of the wheel.
• The Neolithic Revolution brought about agricultural innovations and increased social complexity.
• Ancient civilizations such as Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome, and Iran showcased various technological advancements.

Prehistoric Technological Advances

• Tools were initially developed through observation and trial and error by hominids.
• The first stone tools were made around 2 million years ago.
• Pressure flaking, a refinement of tool-making, emerged around 75,000 years ago.
• The discovery and control of fire played a crucial role in human development.
• Other technological advances during the Paleolithic era include clothing, shelter, and the construction of wood huts.

Neolithic Technological Advances

• The Neolithic Revolution brought about accelerated technological innovation and increased social complexity.
• The invention of the polished stone axe allowed large-scale forest clearance and farming.
• Agriculture fed larger populations and enabled sedentism and labor specialization.
• The transition to the first cities and civilizations involved hierarchical social structures, trade, and collective action.
• The invention of writing facilitated the spread of cultural knowledge and the development of history, libraries, schools, and scientific research.

Ancient Technological Contributions

• Ancient civilizations such as Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome, and Iran made significant technological contributions.
• The wheel was invented around 4,000 BCE, enabling transportation and trade.
• Wind power was utilized through sailing ships from around 7,000 BCE.
• Egyptians used the annual flooding of the Nile for irrigation through canals and levees.
• Advancements in metallurgy led to the discovery of alloys like bronze and brass, and the use of iron alloys like steel.

Modern Technological Advancements

• Industrial Revolution in the 18th century led to discoveries in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport.
• Second Industrial Revolution brought rapid scientific discovery, standardization, and mass production.
• Inventions included sewage systems, electricity, light bulbs, railroads, automobiles, and airplanes.
• 20th century saw advancements in nuclear power, computers, information technology, and space exploration.
• Modern technology relies on training and education, with complex fields supporting their development.

Technology Data Sources